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that contained the back door. (Users update their computers with the latest versions of the operating systems almost as a matter of course, so nearly all VAXen became insecure for a time.)

6 Steffen Weihruch died in December 1991.

7 The VS is one of three German secret service organizations, and looks after constitutional matters. Foreign affairs are handled by the Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) and military matters by the Militarische Abschirmdienst (known, delightfully, as MAD).

8 Steffen's friend did arrive in Paris, but after waiting several hours without any word from Wernery, he went to the Gare du Nord and wisely caught the next train back to Hamburg. It is believed that details of the pair's trip to Paris were passed to the French authorities by Philips-France.

8 Crackdown

1 The message transcripts have been edited for clarity, though not for grammar.

2 Typically, users of Black ICE would call a number in the 607 area code, which had been rerouted to the bulletin board. The rerouting was accomplished by the time-honoured method of hacking into a switch and re-programming it.

3 The original LoD board was shut down when Lex Luthor retired from hacking to return to university. LoD members then began using reserved areas on a number of other pirate boards, including Black ICE.

4 'Looping' refers to the technique used by hackers to route their calls from one telephone exchange to another to evade detection. It is not to be confused with an 'endless loop', a method for disrupting a telephone switch.

5 GURPS was Steve Jackson Games' acronym for Generic Universal Role Playing System.

6 Operation Sundevil is often used to describe the entire national hacker crackdown, though strictly speaking it was confined to the Secret Service operation in Phoenix, Arizona.

7 Erik Bloodaxe, one of the LoD founders, was never charged with anything. In June 1991 he and fellow Legionnaires Doc Holliday

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